Effective Teachers Use a Variety of Educational Philosophies

Effective Teachers Use a Variety of Educational Philosophies Being a school teacher is something I have wanted to do since I was a very young child. I believe education should be a part of everyone’s life because it helps students to develop a sense of creativity, a sense of reasoning, and a sense of respect. There are many different philosophies used in the classroom ranging from social reconstructionism to essentialism. My philosophy on education is a combination of my ideas and beliefs. I have an eclectic view of the philosophies and will not apply just one philosophy in my teaching. I believe an effective teacher uses a variety of educational philosophies in the classroom. During the late 1910’s,†¦show more content†¦Along with discipline in progressivism, I also agree with the teaching style. I believe it is important for a teacher to assist learning rather than guide it. Children must learn to think critically, to problem solve, and to make decisions on their own. I believe cooperative learning groups are the best way to accomplish this goal. Working with peers allows students more exposure rather than keeping their ideas to themselves. In addition to progressivism, I agree with the ideas of social recontructionism. I think it is important for students to be motivated and with this philosophy children are encourages to study his or her own culture and to emphasize on social issues. Children of today will be the adults of tomorrow, so I think they should understand community problems. I do not agree with putting them in the middle of society’s problems, but not leaving them in the dark either. Along with discipline, teaching styles, and motivation being important, there is also classroom management. Classroom management may be the most valuable element to teaching today. If you do not have control of your classroom, you will not be an effective teacher. I believe students respect teachers who are organized and have control. The children know what to expect and know what is expected of them; it makes things run smoothly. The classroom will be the place of learning, so it must accommodate theShow MoreRelatedChristian Teachers Should Teach Based on Christian Principles and Beliefs1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthat it is important for all teachers, but especially Christian teachers, to have and to operate within their personal educational philosophy. Knight (2006) states â€Å"Christian educators must come to see their educational systems as unified endeavors built upon a foundation of Christian philosophy† p. 164. Today, in most public schools, Christian principles are being left out, and it is important that we find ways to lead our students to truth. My personal philosophy is based upon Matthew 19:14 whichRead MoreTeaching Strategies Guided By Educational Philosophies949 Words   |  4 PagesPreparing students to confront and overcome challenges they will encounter every day is the purpose of teaching. Teachers touch the lives of students and influence how those students react to obstacles they face during their lives. The educator has a responsibility to teach students beyond mere subject matter. Teachers are also coaches, tutors, trainers, and students themselves. They must equip students with problem solving skills, organization skills, communication skills, team work skills, andRead MorePersonal Philosophy Of Educational Essay Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesArtifact #2: Personal Philosophy of Educational Nobel Peace Prize winner, Kofi Annan, of Ghana said, â€Å"Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise of progress, in every society, in every family† (nobelprize.org). My ambition to become an educator stems from a desire to help children grow into productive and successful adults. I am a mother of six children. As I have guided my individual children through the different stages of their childhood, adventures, adversitiesRead MoreThe Role Of Nurse Educator Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesEducational Philosophy I am not new to the role of nurse or educator, but to the role of nursing educator. My motivation to teach future generations of nurses prompted my transition from a clinical nurse to an academic nurse educator. My interest in teaching comes from my own positive experiences as an undergraduate student and from a love of learning. My educational philosophy is a work in progress as I continue to grow as a nurse, educator, and scholar of nursing education. As a novice nursingRead More Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Philosophy Statement â€Å"Teacher’s change lives.† Most people would agree that this statement is true. A teacher has the responsibility of imparting knowledge to students, while having the opportunity to make a huge impact on each student’s life. To be truly successful and effective, a teacher must take the time to thoroughly consider his or her teaching philosophy. The following is a statement of my educational philosophy. I believe every child has a rightRead MoreReflection And Reflection Of Interview868 Words   |  4 Pagesinterview I learned so much about the principal’s role. I asked my principal a series of questions. The questions were based on the Interstate School Leadership Licensure Consortium Standards (ISLLC). My first question was based on educational programs. The educational programs at any school need balance. While we live in a test results world, there needs to be a balance of focus. I look at the type of student I want my school to produce and I surround myself with a faculty and other staffs thatRead MoreImplementation Of No Child Left Behind1564 Words   |  7 Pagesprotocols in a school district. With the implementation of No Child Left Behind, the seed of standard based teaching took root and developed into greater endeavors like the Common Core Learning Standards. As each state has adopted these standards, teachers and students are becoming more aware and accustomed to using the standards every day in the classroom. In moving with this natural progression comes the notion of standards-based reporting and communication with parents. Schools are shifting fromRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essays1035 Words   |  5 PagesMy Eclectic Educational Philosophy Thinking back on the years of high school, I remember having wonderful experiences both inside the classroom and out. I had influential teachers and the drive to succeed in order to obtain a higher education. I realize that not all students have that drive to continue their education, but as an aspiring educator I wish to seek and find that drive in each of my students. The famous philosopher and educator, John Dewey, once said, The aim of educationRead MoreMy Views on Teaching Essay examples933 Words   |  4 Pagesthe students. There will be different philosophies of education in this paper that will be discuss. Every philosophy perspectives that teachers have chosen for the students it is important because it can depends on their teaching strengths and effectiveness. The goal of any philosophy could be that every student would be able to succeed in their lives. The students are not alike, but most of them have similarities. For a teacher she/he needs to find a philosophy t hat works for the majority of the classRead MoreIntelligence and Character1284 Words   |  6 Pagesresponse. I want to be a teacher. Throughout my entire life I have respected and looked up to all of my teachers, as well as admired my parents, who are both educators. However, during my lifetime of playing â€Å"teacher† I have never actually thought about my personal educational philosophy. Yet, I can look back now on my schooling experiences to see what has been important to me and to identify the major concepts and beliefs I posses in order to form my own teaching philosophy. Martin

Running Head North Sea Oil and Gas Free Essays

Every business or industry is prone to various risks which include floods, earthquake, terrorists which the industry should put mechanisms in place to avoid such. Effective contingency planning has been of importance to most industries that embrace the idea. North Sea oil and Gas has for a long time been prone to the problem of changing weather conditions which is especially experienced in the sea. We will write a custom essay sample on Running Head: North Sea Oil and Gas or any similar topic only for you Order Now The companies that exploit the North Sea oil and gas have put a lot of emphasis on risk management and most of the companies have set up risk management departments (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). Numerous deaths had occurred during the exploitation of North Sea oil and gas in the 1970s and 1980s and this called for effective contingency planning to reduce the losses incurred by loosing workforce and by spillage of oil and gas due to buckles. The companies that exploit the gas and oil have invested in the contingency planning as a way of way of managing the risks (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). North Sea oil and gas has been a source of wealth to the countries that exploit the resource. North Sea oil has been used to refer to the oil and natural gas exists beneath the North Sea. The countries that exploit the North Sea oil and gas include Netherlands, Norway, Germany, United Kingdom and Denmark. Most countries and especially companies that have been given license to exploit the resource have taken proactive measures of risk. Mining beneath the sea has led to many deaths of the people involved and this has called for heavy investment in risk management projects undertaken by the companies. The pipes that transfer the oil and natural gas from underground reservoirs to processing plants which are mainly located some distance from the sea must be strong to withstand the waves in the sea. Depending on weather changes, waves differ in their height and this call for contingency planning otherwise heavy losses are incurred by the particular company (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). In the 1970s, the North Sea oil a gas companies took proactive measures to avoid heavy losses that resulted when waves exceeded the height of 3 meters. The operators laid many pipes which assumed the shape of S to maintain smoothness between the large barge and the ocean floor. The operators used bow anchors to further buckles by raising and resetting the pipes at the barges. The operators had to be keen because improper lowering of pipes would result into a pipe buckle which presented a serious threat in laying the pipes. The excessive height of waves which exceeded the anticipated height resulted in further risk of pipe buckles due to uncontrolled lowering of pipes. The companies therefore had to purchase a large number of steel pipes to avoid delays incase of any pipe buckle and this methods was not cost effective as the company would have desired. Any proactive measure that is taken to manage risk should be cost effective, utility effective and must therefore be maximizing benefits for the company while minimizing cost (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). An effective contingency planning in managing risks in project requires good planning and coordination of all the stakeholders in the project to ensure maximum desirable result. Risk management involves taking measures in dealing with uncertainty. The North Sea and oil contingency planning that was adopted in 19790s involves dealing with uncertainty because in favorable weather conditions, there is less cost involved in dealing with risks since pipe buckles will be few and hence very few new pipes will be required to be laid. However, since it’s hard to predict the height of the waves in the sea which can cause heavy losses if unchecked, the companies that explore the oil and gas in the areas must take precautionary measures (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). Exploration of North Sea oil any natural gas involves making wealth for the companies that are undertaking the projects. The importance of contingency planning in the exploration project is very essential in risk management because it’s used to assess the possibility of bad weather condition which is a threat to the project. The assessment is consequently used to reduce the possibility of underperformance that may be realized when no measures are undertaken to reduce or avoid the pipe buckles. The cost of replacing buckled pipes reduces the profit margin that is realized in the project and therefore effective contingency planning help to manage the risk. Effective contingency planning helps to capture the benefits of fair weather. Uncertainty about weather conditions is a threat that faces the North Sea offshore pipe laying. If effective contingency planning is observed, long periods of bad weather can be sustained because the project major should be able to recognize and deal with the bad condition threat which is inevitable. The project managers should ensure there is plenty supply of pipes during bad weather condition to avoid delays in replacing the buckle pipes. The project managers should observe good contingency planning by ensuring that the oil and gas pipeline are complete before the bad weather sets in and this will assist in reducing the costs associated with contingency planning. Laying pipelines in time helps in avoiding major delays in the project which may result in heavy monetary losses. Contingency planning for reducing possible threats that are associated with North Sea and oil exploration could be a possible way of increasing income to the companies that are undertaking the project. American project management institute (PMI) argue that there is a possible opportunity associated with the risks that threaten the project in winter, bad weather conditions has been known to lead to gas shortage in most cities which due to law of demand, the prices increase. This could be an opportunity for those companies that are concerned with the project. Effective contingency planning in managing risk North Sea oil and gas has created an opportunity to the companies undertaking the project. This is attributed to the precautions taken by the companies in anticipation of bad weather threat. The project involves paying for delivery before the contract begins. Most companies that want to protect themselves from the deficient supply of the resources therefore buy the resources before the contract begins. The high demand has contributed to higher revenue derived from the project and this consequently results to higher profitability (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). Contingency planning which is mainly associated with managing risks should not only focus on the threats that hamper the success of the project but should also view threats as an opportunity to achieve the objectives of the project. Achievement of objectives means the project has succeeded. Therefore effective contingency planning in addressing risks should recognize the close relationship of threats and opportunities. The actions taken by the project manager in reducing the risks should seek to create an opportunity for excellence (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). Effective contingency planning should not focus on managing threats. Instead the project should seek to identify the different sources of risks and consequently how to manage the risks. Focus on risks draw emphasis on the anticipated failure. Therefore, assessing the various sources of uncertainty and how those uncertainties can be a threat to the project and consequently how to manage the uncertainties involves application of effective contingency planning. North Sea oil and gas exploration is associated with many uncertainties which present various threats to the project. Focus on the opportunities created by the uncertainties management can lead to profitability and success of the project. The project manager should identify the origins of uncertainties instead of managing risk first and this will assist in addressing the root of the problem. Most projects have failed to meet the set objectives due to their failure to address the root of the problems. Superficial problem solving has led undesirable results. Therefore identification of the source of uncertainties should be considered as the beginning of the risk management process in effective contingency planning (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). Uncertainty is present in every project and in all stages of the project life cycle (PLC). The uncertainty is contributed by various reasons which are inevitable. All projects success is based on various assumptions which are the main sources of uncertainties. Differences in the performance of project concerning cost, quality and duration that is required to complete the project bring a lot of uncertainties. In laying pipes in the ocean in a way that will avoid pipe buckles involved a lot of uncertainties. This is attributed to the changing weather conditions. Its hard to forecast the height of the waves in the ocean in a particular season and this present source of uncertainties since its hard to know with certainty the cost of dealing with the threat since its hard to tell the amount of pipes to be knocked down and therefore requiring replacement (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). Proactive risk management in the North Sea oil and gas project should be entrenched in both base plans and contingency plans. It’s argued that if a project focuses very much on being cost effective it’s bound to fail on risk management in some occasions. However, crisis management should only be used as principal management in some occasions. However, crisis management should only be used as principal management mode if the risk management fails completely (Leslie and Michaels, 1997). References Leslie, Keith, J. and Michaels, Max, P. â€Å"The Real Power of Real Options†. The McKinsey Quarterly 3 (1997):134-225. How to cite Running Head: North Sea Oil and Gas, Essay examples

Ways to Secure the Australian Borders-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Ways to Secure the Australian Borders. Answer: Ways to Secure the Australian Borders Securing the border should be the priority of any nation, as most of the illegal and criminal activities occur in the borders of the countries. There is a constant increase in the external threat to Australia, these threats are manifesting at the border, like organised crimes, quarantine problems, and other terrorism problems. There are ways in which these security issues can be controlled, by adopting certain measures these issues can be resolved and eventually be eliminated. The job of the border security force is not only to secure the borders but also to capture contrabands and prevent illegal immigration and remain active to counter terrorism. The first step, which should be taken to improve the security of the nation, is to stop the arrival of illegal immigrants from the sea (Little Williams, 2017). As Australia is located in the heart of the ocean, priority should be give to tighten the naval forces to secure the most vulnerable border. When the Labour government had come to power in 2007, there was an increase in the arrival of illegal immigrants in boats and a lot of deaths were reported (Lueck, Due Augoustinos, 2015). Several children who had come into the country by illegal means were detained in the detention centres. The border security failed to protect the border and it was a disaster. To recall from this massive failure more attention should be provided to secure the waterways. There are many countries, which have sympathetic feelings towards the terrorist groups, so while allowing the citizens belonging to such countries the government of Australia should not provide them with permanent citizenship and should have a systematic check upon those individuals as they might pose threat to the nation (Hogan Haltinner, 2015). Revoking the citizenship of a dual-national who have been involved in some act of terrorism or has been convicted for some terrorist activities will protect the interest of the nation. Another way to secure Australian borders is to stop the entry of drugs into the country. The visas of the people related to drug trafficking or the drug lords should be cancelled so that they are unable to continue their criminal activities (Hodge, 2015). People who are suspected of having criminal connections should be prevented to enter the country. The border security should be designed in such a way to facilitate legitimate business across the border. Another major issue faced by the country is the illegal trafficking of the humans. To stop the illegal human trafficking the number of people in the security force has to be increased and when they will catch such an illegal operation they should have the power to take immediate action to nullify the threat. The forces who are involved in securing the borders should be trained in a special way to adopt with the circumstance, to learn new ways to apprehend the criminals and also to familiarise themselves with new rules and regulations (Chambers, 2015). The fate of the border security lies with the efficiency of the border forces. They should also be given the power to take matters into their own hands and take primary action against the illegal immigrants. Another step that can be taken to improve the security of the border, by using latest technologies (Vogl, 2015). Using latest technologies in monitoring the illegal activities happening at the border will help in controlling the same with a much higher success rate. To conclude, the Australian border is the origin of major criminal activities, thus strict regulations should be imposed on the borders to secure it from all sorts of illegal activities. The number of soldiers should be increased in the border security force; they should be provided with the latest technologies and should also be given ample power to take strict actions against the criminals Reference List: Chambers, P. (2015). The embrace of border security: maritime jurisdiction, national sovereignty, and the geopolitics of Operation Sovereign Borders.Geopolitics,20(2), 404-437. Hodge, P. (2015). A grievable life? The criminalisation and securing of asylum seeker bodies in the violent frames of Australias Operation Sovereign Borders.Geoforum,58, 122-131. Hogan, J., Haltinner, K. (2015). Floods, invaders, and parasites: Immigration threat narratives and right-wing populism in the USA, UK and Australia.Journal of Intercultural Studies,36(5), 520-543. Little, A., Vaughan-Williams, N. (2017). Stopping boats, saving lives, securing subjects: Humanitarian borders in Europe and Australia.European Journal of International Relations,23(3), 533-556. Lueck, K., Due, C., Augoustinos, M. (2015). Neoliberalism and nationalism: Representations of asylum seekers in the Australian mainstream news media.Discourse Society,26(5), 608-629. Vogl, A. (2015). Over the Borderline: A Critical Inquiry into the Geography of Territorial Excision and the Securititsation of the Australian Border.UNSWLJ,38, 114.

The Suppliants monologue Essay Example For Students

The Suppliants monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Euripides NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Plays of Euripides in English, vol. ii. Trans. Shelley Dean Milman. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1922. IPHIS: Why was this privilege, alas! denied To mortals, twice to flourish in the bloom Of youth, and for a second time grow old? For in our houses, we, if aught is found To have been ill contrived, amend the fault Which our maturer judgment hath descried; While each important error in our life Admits of no reform: but if with youth And ripe old age we twice had been indulged, Each devious step that marked our first career We in our second might set right. For children, Seeing that others had them, much I wished, And pined away with vehement desire; But if I had already felt these pangs, And from my own experience learnt how great Is the calamity to a fond father To be bereft of all his hopeful race, I into such distress had never fallen As now o\erwhelms me, who begot a youth Distinguished by his courage, and of him Am no deprived. No more. But what remains For mewretch that I am? Shall I return To my own home, view many houses left Without inhabitants, and waste the dregs Of life in hopeless anguish, or repair To the abode of Capaneus, with joy By me frequented while my daughter lived? But she is now no more, who loved to kiss My furrowed cheeks and stroked this hoary head. Nought can delight us more than the attention Which to her aged sire a daughter pays: Though our male progeny have souls endued With courage far superior, yet less gently Do they these soothing offices perform. Will ye not quickly drag me to my home, And in some dungeon\s gloomy hold confine, To wear away these aged limbs by famine? Me, what, alas! can it avail to touch My daughter\s bones! What hatred do I bear To thee, O irresistible old age! Them, too, my soul abhors who vainly strive To lengthen out our little span of life; By th\ easy vehicle, the downy couch, And by the boasted aid of magic song, Labouring to turn aside from his career Remorseless death: when they who have no longer The strength required to serve their native land Should vanish, and to younger men give place. We will write a custom essay on The Suppliants monologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Enemy at The Gate Movie Review, Summary, and Critique †Film Essay

Enemy at The Gate Movie Review, Summary, and Critique – Film Essay Free Online Research Papers Enemy at The Gate Movie Review, Summary, and Critique Film Essay A hero never chooses his destiny. His destiny chooses him. Enemy at the Gates is a rare World War II movie that does not involve the Americans. The title of the film is taken from the book Enemy at the Gate: The Battle for Stalingrad (1973) by William Craig, which also documents the real-life war exploits of Vasilli Zaitsev. It was an entertainment, a history lesson, and a sappy love story all rolled into one. The writer and director Jean-Jacques Annaud demonstrates it is possible to make a successful, real-life film without focusing on the entire epic war. The Battle for Stalingrad was one of the most important battles of World War II. In 1942, Hitler initiated a major offensive that was designed to destroy the Soviets’ ability to resist. The offensive opened in June, took the Russians by surprise, and began to record successes. Hitler had dual objectives and intended on simultaneous diverging attacks at Stalingrad and the Caucasus. Hitler’s general warned that their forces were not strong enough to carry both objectives at the same time. Enemy at the Gates entails the story of a cat and mouse game involving young Russian sniper (played by Jude Law) Vassili Zaitsev, and Maj. KÃ ¶nig sent specifically to eliminate Vassili. The movie begins with a flashback of Vassili as a young boy. A dappled horse is tethered in a snowy field as bait to draw wolves. The shepherds son, being taught how to shoot by his grandfather, watches in horror as the wolf attacks the helpless horse. Jude Law plays Vassily Zaitzev, a Russian shepherd who is drafted into the Soviet army and dispatched with other troops to help halt the Nazi advance at Stalingrad (now Volgagrad) during World War II. The Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in World War II as Hitlers long running string of military victories was halted and his armies faced their first real defeat. The Nazi advance across Europe was halted here and the German army began its slow retreat from Russia. But the broader implications of the battle for Stalingrad are in the background in this movie as the focus quickly shifts to the struggle between the Russian draftee, Vassily, and his German opposite, Major Konig (played by Ed Harris). Konig is a professional army sniper who trains snipers for the German army. Vassily is a peasant who has been raised by his grandfather to conserve scarce ammunition by making every shot count by bringing his prey down with a single shot. But Vassily and Konig are in reality just pawns in the larger struggle between Moscow and Berlin as victory at Stalingrad is crucial to overall victory and victory for Vassily or Konig is crucial to victory in the Battle of Stalingrad. The movie opens with Vassily stalking and shooting a wolf in the frozen Russian countryside and then quickly moves to his being drafted and put on a troop train to Stalingrad. The scene is bleak as the raw recruits leave the train and get into boats to cross the river to Stalingrad. In the water they immediately come under fire from the German artillery but face certain death from the guns of the Soviet Army if they turn back. Once inside the demoralized and besieged city, Vassily puts his shooting skills to good use. Danilov quickly sees Vassilys potential as a morale builder and convinces his superiors to utilize Vassily as a sniper. The cinematography and settings are used very effectively to convey the harsh and brutal conditions that residents and members of both armies had to endure as they coped with the brutal Russian winter and the all out devastation of modern urban warfare. This film will become another unforgettably spectacular war films. A generally historically accurate film, there is one mistake In the scene where Zaitsev meets Kruschev, the wrong national anthem is playing. The 1944 anthem is played, and the film takes place in 1942. The band should have played The Internationale, written in 1848. Research Papers on Enemy at The Gate Movie Review, Summary, and Critique - Film EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Where Wild and West MeetHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Hockey GameHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Spring and AutumnBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresGenetic Engineering

Italian Adverbs - Avverbi Italiani

Italian Adverbs - Avverbi Italiani Adverbs (avverbi) are used to modify or clarify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. The adverbs are italicized in the examples below. Ho riposato tranquillamente. - I slept peacefully.Quello scrittore à ¨ piuttosto famoso. - That writer is quite famous.Devi parlare molto lentamente. - You have to talk very slowly. Where do you place adverbs in Italian? With a verb  - When an adverb , it’s usually placed after the verb (italicized): Ho fatto tardi e la segreteria dellUniversit era gi chiusa. - I was late and the Secretary’s office at the University was already closed. Depending on the context of the sentence, though, the adverb (italicized) can be placed elsewhere: Domani, se à ¨ una bella giornata, voglio andare nel bosco. - If it’s a nice day tomorrow, I want to go to the forest. With a compound tense - When the verb is a , many adverbs can also be placed between the auxiliary and the participle: Veramente non ho ben capito. - I really didn’t understand well. With an adjective - When an adverb refers to an adjective, the adverb comes before the adjective: Questo cane à ¨ molto buono. - This dog is really good. With another adverb - When an adverb refers to another adverb, those of the adverbs of quantity (avverbi di quantit), in this case â€Å"di solito - usually,† are placed ahead of the others: La mattina, di solito, mi alzo molto presto. - Usually in the morning, I get up really early. With a negation  - The adverb of negation (avverbio di negazione non) always comes before the verb: Vorrei che tu non dimenticassi mai quello che ti ho detto. - I hope you never forget what I told you. With a question - Interrogative adverbs (Avverbi interrogativi) introduce a direct interrogative sentence and are usually placed before the verb: Quanto costano queste banane? - How much do these bananas cost? What kinds of adverbs are there? Italian adverbs can be divided into four groups: semplici, composti, derivati, and locuzioni avverbiali: Simple adverbs (Avverbi semplici) are formed from a single word: Mai - Never, ever, even, possibly, reallyForse - Maybe, perhaps, probablyBene - Good, well, fineDove - Where, anywhere, someplacePià ¹ - More, several, extraQui - Here, there, where, over hereAssai - Very, much, extremely, quiteGi - Already, enough, yet, previously Compound adverbs (avverbi composti) are formed by combining two or more different elements: Almeno (al meno) - At leastInvero (in vero) - Indeeddappertutto (da per tutto) - Everywherein fatti (in fatti) - In factperfino (per fino) - Even Locution adverbs (locuzioni avverbiali) are phrases arranged in a fixed order: Allimprovviso - SuddenlyDi frequente - OftenPer di qua - This wayPressappoco - RoughlyPoco fa - A bit agoA pià ¹ non posso - As much as possibleDora in poi - From now on These types of adverbs can often be replaced with an adverb: allimprovviso improvvisamente; di frequente frequentemente. Derivative adverbs (avverbi derivati) are formed from another word, to which a suffix is added, like -mente or -oni: allegro allegramente, ciondolare ciondoloni). Most adverbs are derived by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine form of the adjectives that end in -o: certa-mente, rara-mente, ultima-mente or to the singular form of those adjectives that end in -e: forte-mente, grande-mente, veloce-mente. But if the last syllable of these adjectives is -le or -re the final e is eliminated: general-mente, celer-mente. Special forms include: benevolmente (instead of benevola-mente)ridicolmente (instead of ridicola-mente)leggermente (instead of leggera-mente)violentemente (instead of violenta-mente)parimenti (instead of pari-mente)altrimenti (instead of altra-mente) The forms ridicolamente, parimente, altramente are rare or obsolete. Other categories of adverbs: avverbi di modo (adverbs of manner)(adverbs of place)avverbi di tempo (adverbs of time)avverbi di giudizio (adverbs of judgment)

FRANCE RECOVERY FROM THE MILITARY DEFEAT OF 1870 AND THE INTERNAL Essay

FRANCE RECOVERY FROM THE MILITARY DEFEAT OF 1870 AND THE INTERNAL STRIFE OF THE PARIS COMMUNE - Essay Example The Franco – Prussian war of 1870-71 and the humiliating defeat at Sedan marked an end of French dominance on the continent, a position that the country had enjoyed since the mid seventeenth century. The republic that was born out of defeat and of the internal strife of the Paris Commune was one of the longest of all the republics, living in peace with its neighbors until the outbreak of war in 1914 and lasting until Nazi occupation and the fall of France in 1940. This period saw the buildup of the greatest empire France had ever possessed, conquering territories such as Indo-China, Madagascar and much of West and North Africa. By the year 1914, France was the second largest colonial power in the World and the most dominant in Africa. The Third Republic saw the development of the arts movement, which was unrivalled in any other era of French history, a period known as the Belle Époque. There were wide ranging educational and political reforms, centralization of the state, the emergence of a mass media culture and success in engineering, electrical and chemical industries. Despite the endurance of the Republic, it is regarded as a period of great instability and from its very beginnings was plagued with problems. Governments ‘appeared to fall and be replaced with monotonous regularity’ and as various scandals consumed it, the Republic was threatened by deep- rooted political divisions between the left and right that seemed to control events for many years.The Paris Commune although eventually crushed by Thiers (a man who, along with his government exhibited a clear mistrust of the social and political unrest that Paris symbolized) defined working class culture for years to come. and created a new fervour for socialist ideals in France, posing a threat to the traditional Monarchist ideals. By addressing the various scandals, issues and concerns that followed the defeat of France and the Paris Commune, we will examine how effectively France recovered from these events. How well did the new Republic deal with the threats it faced after the de feat, and how did the explosion of growth in working-class political activity during the commune affect the country in the subsequent years? Are the criticisms of the Republic truly justified, or did France manage to recover from these events remarkably well considering the multitude of political struggles that she faced? The military decline of France in the Franco- Prussian war was indeed disappointing and devastating to France and its citizens. The war had resulted to loss of material resources and caused many deaths and injuries in addition to bruising France’s pride and ending the continent’s dominance that France had enjoyed since the mid- Seventeenth century. Therefore, from the outset of the defeat, the emphasis in France was on recovering from the defeat. The Paris Commune was without doubt a landmark in modern European History. It was seen by Karl Marx as the first determined attempt by the proletariat to overthrow the forces of capitalism. The extent to whic h the commune was socialist has however been a matter of much controversy (Fortescue, 2000, p 16) and seen by many at the time as much of a move of patriotism as it was a revolutionary act (Gluckstein, 2011, p. 55). The Commune represented patriotism, republicanism, anti-clericalism and a commitment to the working class along with their fervor for direct democracy. Majority of the French people embraced Paris Commune since most of them were working class compared to the anarchists who were opposed to it. However, the conditions under which it formed, its decrees that were mostly controversial, and the violent end that it had, made its

Money rules Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Money rules - Research Paper Example THESIS STATEMENT Documentary films have emerged as an important and effective source of conveying information to large audiences. Correspondingly, this study intends to review a documentary film, ‘Forks over Knives' directed by American filmmaker Lee Fulkerson. Additionally, this study will depict the compelling factors of the selected documentary film and the main theme upon which the film primarily emphasizes. This study also identifies the role of a filmmaker/presenter in substantiating his/her point of view with the use of visuals. Conclusively, this study aims at analyzing a varied set of aspects related with the documentary film, ‘Forks over Knives'. IMPORTANCE OF FILM TOPIC The topic or the theme of the film is an important concept to be reflected upon as it deals with the adverse consequences of today’s eating habits and modern lifestyle. The film attempts to feature the heath complications among the western people primarily linked with selection of food fo r consumption. The film addresses the question, ‘why people in western countries are becoming the victims of degenerative diseases?’ Correspondingly, the film attempts to advocate a plant based diet over an animal based-diet as a solution for overcoming numerous health issues (Luisa, â€Å"Forks Over Knives Documentary Reveals Stunning Healing Power Of Plant-Based Diet†). IDENTIFYING THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE DOCUMENTARY FILM IS COMPELLING ‘Forks Over Knives’ is an American documentary film directed by Lee Fulkerson, an American independent presenter and filmmaker. The film was released on 30th August 2011. The film firmly advocates the consumption of low-fat food and plant based diet as an effective mean for combating certain diseases. The film actually endeavored to represent the problems and the solutions associated with the modern lifestyle of American people. The primary theme of the film explored the notion that a majority of degenerative disease s that are plaguing the people can be eliminated or avoided by discarding the consumption of processed food, primarily processed animal-based food products or items which are staples of the detrimental western diet. The film largely condemns the consumption of processed meat, cheese and pasteurized milk containing sodium nitrite  and other preservatives and atypical chemicals. The main compelling point of the film is attributed to the consumption of plant based diet among the people who are vulnerable to diseases such as diabetes, overweight and heart ailments (Luisa, â€Å"Forks Over Knives Documentary Reveals Stunning Healing Power Of Plant-Based Diet†). USE OF VISUALS BY FILMMAKER TO SUBSTANTIATE HIS POINT The filmmaker uses almost all the visuals in order to reflect the diet of meat eaters along with the evils of consumption habit related with fast-foods such as chips, fries and sodas among them. The filmmaker strives to illustrate the harmful effects of consumption of processed food items through the use of visuals. Furthermore, the visuals heavily stress on the adoption of whole food plant based-diet. The visuals used by the filmmaker were intended to inform people about the healthy eating habits and lifestyles. The visuals used in the film also emphasize the metaphor of standard western diet containing saturated fats and high meat. Additionally, the visuals feature the people who

Promoting Gender Equality Essay Example for Free

Promoting Gender Equality Essay For centuries women were not treated equal to men in many ways. They were not allowed to own property, they did not have a Share in the property of their parents, they had no voting rights, they had no freedom to choose their work or job and so on. Now that we have come out of those dark days of oppression of women there is a need for strong movement to fight for the rights of women and to ensure that they get all the rights which men have or in other words a movement for the Empowerment of Women. The present seminar has been planned with a view to discuss the various issues related to the Empowerment of Women and to suggest measures for achieving this end.The body of research on women‘s empowerment has conceptualized and defined this construct in many ways and used different terms, often interchangeably, including ―autonomy,â€â€"―status,â€â€" and ―agencyâ€â€" (Lee-Rife and Edmeades 2011; Malhotra et al. 2002; Upadhyay and Hindin 2005). see more:examples of gender equality A review of the literature also shows different measures for the same conceptualization. For example, studies often measure women‘s autonomy with an index that assesses their participation in decision-making in various household issues. This index represents women‘s degree of control over their environment. Some researchers include both major and minordecisions, while others include only major decisions, excluding day-to-day household decisions and those that are traditionally within the woman‘s domain. Women‘s empowerment encompasses many dimensions, including economic, socio-cultural, familial/interpersonal, legal, political, and psychological (Malhotra et al. 2002), which contributes to the wide variation in conceptualizations of women‘s empowerment. Given this variation in conceptualization, it is difficult to measure women‘s empowerment consistently. Kabeer (2001), whose definition is widely accepted, defines empowerment as ―the expansi on of people‘s ability to make strategic life choices in a context where this ability was previously denied to them. Two central components of empowerment are agency and resources needed to exercise life choices (Kabeer 2001; Malhotra et al. 2002). Even with a clear definition, these constructs are difficult to quantify in a standardized way.Additionally, to measure empowerment at an individual level, researchers must translate the amorphous constructs into a set of specific questions that population-based surveys can ask of individual respondents (Kishor and Subaiya 2008). Another challenge is the variation in cultural contexts that affect the measurement of women‘s empowerment. It is desirable to use standardized questions that enable cross-cultural comparisons of empowerment. Yet a measure that captures empowerment in one context may have limited relevance in another, as is the case with measures that assess mobility in a community where women‘s free movement is the norm. While many existing measures of empowerment were originally conceptualized and developed for the context of Asia, and for South Asian countries in particular (Dyson and Moore 1983; Mason 1987), measures that are universally applicable regardless of the gender equity environment, such as those used in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), are most useful for cross-national comparisons. Using the available standardized measures of women‘s empowerment among several population-based samples from sub-Saharan Africa will allow us to make comparisons and better understand whether the available measures adequately capture empowerment in these settings. It is still unknown whether the same dimensions of empowerment that were developed elsewhere are relevant in sub-Saharan Africa, where the gender environment is completely different than in other regions. In Africa, empowerment is likely to look different than elsewhere because of such differences as more working women who have control over their earnings, more polygamy, more nuclear families (as opposed to extended families), and larger ideal family size, and because women‘s status is often tied to their fertility. EMPOWERMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH A broad body of research exists on women‘s empowerment and reproductive outcomes. Substantial research, primarily focused on Asia, demonstrates that women‘s empowerment is associated with contraceptive use (Gwako 1997; Morgan and Niraula 1995; Schuler et al. 1997; Woldemicael 2009), lower fertility (Balk 1994; Dyson and Moore 1983; Hindin 2000), and longer birth intervals (Upadhyay and Hindin 2005). Some researchers have suggested that women‘s empowerment is a key pathway through which education influences fertility (Jejeebhoy 1995; Mason 1987). To operationalize women‘s empowerment, much of the research literature uses the previously mentioned index of participation in house holddecision-making. The standard DHS questionnaire includes a set of questions about household decision-making. Other approaches include assessing women‘s acceptance of reasons that a husband is justified for beating his wife, and also reasons that a wife is justified in refusing sex with her husband (Ethiopian Society of Population Studies 2008). The DHS includes questions about these issues. Such gender-role attitudes measure the extent of women‘s acceptance of norms that justify men‘s control over women. As expected, they are associated with lower levels of power over household decision-making among women (Dhaher et al. 2010; Hindin 2003; Linos et al. 2010). MAJOR OBSTACLES TO THE PROMOTION OF GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERMENT Notwithstanding the widespread commitment shown through the ratification of international and regional gender equality frameworks, normative gains are not yet fully reflected in substantial changes in women’s lives, as shown in the preceding section. Large gaps remain between policy and practice and it is the aim of this section to discuss some of the major challenges that have been experienced. Continued presence of strong cultural and traditional practices constraining progress in achieving gender parity The continued presence of long standing cultural and traditional practices that discriminate against women and girls’ have constrained the progress towards achieving gender equality. Discriminatory practices and public attitudes towards the advancement of women and gender equality have not changed at the same pace as policy, legal and institutional frameworks. Lack of ratification of the instruments that promote gender equality Previous sections have identified the status with respect to a number of regional instruments, particularly the African Women’s Protocol. Some countries are yet to sign this instrument, while a considerable number are yet to ratify it. Ineffective institutional and policy implementation mechanisms Thirteen years after the adoption of the BPFA by the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, the greatest challenge facing countries and regional institutions is the effective implementation of the adopted commitments. Good policies that do not have well formulated implementation plans and resources render the policies ineffective. In some countries, the capacity of gender machineries has also contributed to the slow pace. Some policies are not effectively implemented because they were not developed in a participatory way inclusive of both men and women. Lack of targets with well defined time-frames are also some of the factors that have hampered effective implementation of policies. Lack of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms also plays a significant role in the lack of implementation. Moreover, some policies tend to focus on the symptoms rather than addressing the persistent underlying causes of gender inequality. African women, especially those living in rural communities and those with disabilities, still face exclusion from participating in development processes that can empower them and improve gender equality. It is crucial to undertake inclusive participatory approaches in policy development that involve women as equal partners. Lack of adequate resources Lack of human and financial resources severely limits gender mainstreaming to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment. Even in situations where a comprehensive plan of action for gender mainstreaming has been developed, countries may not have adequate resources to implement the plan. In particular National Gender Machineries (NGMs) experience limited financial and other material resource base to enhance the implementation of gender equality mandates, roles and responsibilities. In addition, there are gaps in human capacity, there is generally a challenge with respect to gender competence skills of officers in the NGMs to influence the engendering of macro-economic and sector policy frameworks. There is high staff turn over of experts, and low staff retention, most countries are facing difficulties of retaining and sustaining staff with the necessary expertise. Continued presence of strong cultural and traditional practices constraining progress in achieving gender parity in education In taking decisions with respect to the education of their children, some families continue to have preference for educating boys rather than girls. As noted female-to-male school enrolment, retention and completion favor boys in a majority of countries. Very few countries have female to male enrolment rates that favor girls over boys and these countries have been making progress to redress the situation. Continued presence of strong cultural and traditional practices constraining progress in achieving gender parity in health Some cultural and traditional practices continue to inhibit progress in the area of sexual and reproductive rights. Women and girls continue to risk death from maternal mortality. There is need to provide accessible sexual and reproductive healthcare services and education to reduce maternal mortality. Such interventions need to address the roles of both men and women. The rate of HIV infection is much higher among women than men and in this regard, governments must establish and monitor strict legal frameworks to address the vulnerability of women and girls. Furthermore, access to anti-retroviral treatment should be ensured. Lack of enforcement of laws that promote gender equality and lack of knowledge of laws In some countries laws that promote gender equality are in place, however lack of enforcement of such laws leads to the perpetuation of gender inequalities and violence against women. In some countries, laws are in place, but interpretation of these laws is lacking and as such, they are not enforced. Lack of full involvement of men and boys Changing cultural and traditional beliefs including patriarchy requires the involvement of men, and boys in the promotion of gender equality through innovative rights-based, culturally sensitive programmes and continued education and sensitization. Continued lack of recognition of women’s unpaid work The continued lack of recognition of unpaid work (domestic, reproductive, care and support) performed by women hampers the development of policies that can effectively promote gender equality. There is therefore need for such work to be given due recognition in the computation of national income. Limited role of the media The media can play a major role in promoting gender equality beyond what it is currently doing. In particular in creating awareness, sensitization and education campaigns to change patriarchal attitudes. As noted before establishing new laws alone is not enough; existing gendered social relations and cultural norms may quickly shape these laws. There is need for measures to counter preexisting social forces through education and training of both men and women. The media can make a major contribution towards promoting these gender equality messages. Lack of sex disaggregated and gender responsive data Sex-disaggregated data and information from gender-sensitive indicators are often not collected, lost in aggregation of published data, or not used. Gender responsive data would help in tracking the progress made towards achievement of gender equality. SUGGESTED RECOMMENDATIONS Translation of commitments and policies promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment into action on the ground remains a major challenge in Africa. Based on the findings of this study, this section highlights some recommendations that can help countries successfully implement the commitments and policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment. Improved research and collection of gender responsive statistical data It is important to systematically collect accurate sex and gender disaggregated data and conduct research that is essential for monitoring and evaluating progress towards achievement of gender equality and women’s empowerment. More efforts are needed to build capacity of national experts to collect gender disaggregated data in order to enhance integration of gender perspectives in the development process. Strengthen documentation and dissemination of information on promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment Sharing of information is important within countries, between countries and internationally and is critical to the success of achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment. There is need to intensify documentation of experiences with successful and unsuccessful practices and widely disseminate this information. It is important for member States, development partners and international and regional bodies to identify information exchange systems that can facilitate wide exchange of this information in the region. CONCLUSION The Empowerment of women has become one of the most important Concerns of 21st century not only at national level but also at the international level. Efforts by the Govt. are on to ensure Gender equality but Government initiatives alone would not be sufficient to achieve this goal. Society must take initiative to create a climate in which there is no gender discrimination and Women have full opportunities of Self decision making and participating in the Social, Political and Economic life of the Country with a sense of equality. As countries around the world work to promote gender equality and empower women as part of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, it can be expected that demand for smaller families will follow. Additionally, family planning programs can address women‘s empowerment as part of their mission to help women and couples have only the number of children they want. Such programs are likely to generate interest in family planning services, create demand for smaller families, and also reduce unwanted fertility. REFRENCES _Abadian, S. 1996. Womens Autonomy and Its Impact on Fertility. World Development 24(12):1793-1809. _Gwako, E.L. 1997. Conjugal Power in Rural Kenya Families: Its Influence on Womens _Decisions about Family Size and Family Planning Practices. Sex Roles 36(3-4):127-147. _Jejeebhoy, S.J. 1995.Womens Education, Autonomy, and Reproductive Behaviour: Experience _from Developing Countries. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. _Jejeebhoy, S.J. 2000. Womens Autonomy in Rural India: Its Dimensions, Determinants, and the Influence of Context. Pp. 204-238 in Womens empowerment and demographic processes: moving beyond Cairo, edited by H. Presser and G. Sen. London: Oxford University Press. _ Lee-Rife, S.M. 2011. Womens Empowerment and Reproductive Experiences over the Lifecourse. Soc Sci Med 71(3):634-642. _Linos, N., M. Khawaja, and M. Al-Nsour. 2010. Womens Autonomy and Support for Wife Beating: Findings from a Population-Based Survey in Jordan. Violence Vict 25(3):409-419. _ Mason, K.O. 1987. The Impact of Women‘s Social Position on Fertility in Developing Countries. Sociological Forum 4:718–745. _Morgan, P.S. and B.B. Niraula. 1995. Gender Inequality and Fertility in Two Nepali Villages. Population and Development Review 21(3):541-561. _Westoff, C. and A. Bankole. Reproductive Preferences in Developing Countries at the Turn of the Century. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro. DHS Comparative Reports No. 2. April 2002. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pub_details.cfm?ID=369#dfiles . _Malhotra, A., S.R. Schuler, and C. Boender. Measuring Womens Empowerment as a Variable in International Development. Washington, DC; June 28, 2002. http://hdr.undp.org/docs /network/hdr_net/GDI_GEM_Measuring_Womens_Empowerment.pdf . _ Gebreselassie, T. 2008. Spousal Agreement on Reproductive Preferences in Sub-Saharan Africa. Calverton, Maryland: Macro International Inc. DHS Analytical Studies No. 10. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/AS10/AS10.pdf _ UNECA, (2004b), Seventh African Regional Conference on Women (Beijing +10) Decade Review of the Implementation of the Dakar and Beijing Platforms of Action: Outcome and Way forward, Addis Ababa. _UNECA-SA, (2003), Land Tenure Systems and Sustainable Development in Southern Africa, Lusaka. _ WHO, (2002) Gender and Reproductive Rights Glossary. Geneva . _ World Bank, (2000), Can Africa Claim the 21st Century?, The World Bank, Washington DC. _Budlender D, J. Hicks and L. Vetten, (2002) South Africa: Expanding into diverse initiatives, in Gender Budgets Make More Cents Country Studies and Good Practice edited by D. Budlender and G. Hewitt, Commonwealth Secretariat, London. _ Government of Kenya, (2005), MDG Status Report For Kenya, Nairobi. _Government of Malawi, (2004) State Party Report of Malawi to the CEDAW Committee, Lilongwe. _ Government of Sierra Leone, (2004), PRSP of Sierra Leone, A National Programme for Food Security, Job Creation and Good Governance (2005 – 2007), Freetown. _ Green Africa Network, (2004), Policy Document on Overall Sustainable Women Development for Socioeconomic Development of Rural Africa, Nairobi. _ Longwe S. H., (2000), Towards realistic strategies for women’s political empowerment in Africa, Gender and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 24-30. _ OECD and NEPAD, (2007), Gender and Economic Empowerment in Africa Outcome of the meeting of the 8th Africa Partnership Forum Berlin, Germany 22-23 May 2007. _Oxfam, 2004, Mozambique’s Family Law passes, http://www.oxfam.org/en/programs/development/ safrica/moz_law.htm _ Reeves H and S Baden, (2000), Gender and Development: Concepts and Definitions, Report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) for its gender mainstreaming intranet resource, Institute of Develo pment Studies, BRIDGE report Number 55, Brighton. _ Sen A, (1993) Capability and well-being, in Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum (eds.), The quality of life, Oxford, Clarendon Press. _ UNDAW, (2005) Enhancing Participation of Women in Development through an Enabling Environment for Achieving Gender Equality and the Advancement of Women, Aide Memoire held in Bangkok, Thailand, 8 – 11 November 2005. _UNECA and AUC (Forthcoming) Good Practices for Addressing GBV/VAW in Africa, Draft Document, September 2008, Addis Ababa. _ UNECA, (2008a), The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges. _ UNECA, (2008b), Millennium Development Goals Monitoring: Challenges and Opportunities for African Countries E/ECA/STATCOM/1/6, Report prepared for the First Meeting of the Statistical Commission for Africa (STATCOM-AFRICA I) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 21-24 January 2008. _ UNECA, (2008c), The State of Older People in Africa –2007: Regional review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, UNECA, Addis Ababa. _ UNECA, (2007a), Accelerating Africa’s Growth and Development to meet the MDGs: Emerging Challenges and the way forward: An Issues Paper for the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development/Fortieth session of the Commission Twenty-sixth Meeting of the Committee of Experts held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29 March – 1 April 2007. _ UNECA, (2007b), Ministerial statement of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development/Fortieth session of the Commission Twenty-sixth Meeting of the Committee of Experts held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29 March – 1 April 2007. _ UNECA, (2007c), Millennium Development Goals Report, Report to the Conference of Ministers of African Ministers responsible for Finance, Planning, and Economic Development held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 2007. _ECA (2007d) Land Policy in Africa: A Framework to Strengthen Land Rights, Enhance Productivity and Secure Livelihoods, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. _ UNECA, 2006: Meeting the Challenge of Employment In Africa, An Issues Paper for the Twenty-fifth meeting of the Committee of Experts of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Ouagadougou 10 13 May 2006. _ UNECA (2005a) Economic Report on Africa 2005 Meeting the Challenges of Unemployment and Poverty in Africa, Addis Ababa. _UNECA (2005b), Promoting Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Africa: Questioning the Achievements and Confronting the Challe nges Ten Years after Beijing, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. _UNECA (2004a). The African Gender and Development Index. (ECA) Addis Ababa.

Fuzzy Logic :: Essays Papers

Fuzzy Logic "So far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain. And so far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality." -Albert Einstein, Geometry and Experience â€Å"It’s funny how when we’re the recipients of pain we’re clear that it’s black and white. But when we’ve got something to gain there are shades of gray.† – Dr. Laura Schlessinger Fuzz adds extreme choices of black and white, between shades of gray. Claim ness is given with fuzz; it does not make us choose. Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth -- truth values between "completely true" and "completely false". It is also reasoning with vague concepts. There is a new math behind fuzzy logic and it took many years to find it. With this logic there is a goal, the goal is to get computers to work out just the round off black and white concepts. The Fuzzy Theory- A branch of logic designed specifically for representing knowledge and human reasoning in such a way that it amenable to process by computers, Thus fuzzy theory is applicable to *experts systems knowledge of engineering and * artificial intelligence. The fuzzy theory is concerned with the stud of *sets and * predications of this kind. There emerge such concepts as fuzzy sets, fuzzy relationships, and fuzzy quantifiers.[1] â€Å"There are certain rules and theorems that the fundamental concepts of a binary systems which are known as Boolean algebra. The understanding of Boolean algebra is considered very vital because its applications directly lead to the techniques that are essential in designing efficient digital systems. Boolean algebra serves as the basis for moving form verbal descriptions of the functions of the desired digital device to an unambiguous mathematical description.†[2] We shouldn’t regard the fuzzy theory as a single theory, rather the process â€Å"justification† as a methodology to generalize any specific theory from a crisp (discrete) to a continuous (fuzzy) form. Thus recently researchers have also introduced "fuzzy calculus", "fuzzy differential equations", and so on. We us binary numbers to represent the mathematical and logical operations that circuits perform. These Binary numbers allow us to represent everything as two states.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Skin Extract Essay

Nowadays, people have using different herbal soap that are expensive and less effective. Our aims is to make an effective and cheaper herbal soap. Like pineapple skin , pineapple fruit has some active principles with important . Pineapple Skin has a benefits in making herbal soap because it has that properties that can make the skin look good and protects the skin. Statement of the Problem Main Problem: Does the pineapple skin soap more effective than the other commercial soap? Specific problem: Is the soap effective on skin? Will the soap has side effects like irrattion and others? Objectives This study mainly aimed to determine how useful pineapple skins are. The ideal outcome of this study can be achieved by obtaining the following specific objectives: Compare the pineapple skin to other ingredients used in other commercial soap Test the effectiveness of pineapple as a skin cleanser and moisturizer Hypothesis If pineapple skin is used as an ingredient in a soap, then there would be an effective cleanser as well as moisturizer in one soap Significance of The Study You can make a bathing soap with pineapple skin extract as a moisturizing soap. This plant is very common to our environment, and aside of its avaibility; it is easy to cultivate. It contains many components for moisturizing the skin. This study aims to produce an affordable herbal soap by making use of the natural properties of pineapple skin. And it also improves skin elastic, improve skin hydration, and remove damaged and dead cells and does not mix with chemicals that may damage our skin. It also have antifungal and purifying effect on the skin. Definition of Terms Bromelain – is an extract derived from the stems of pineapples. Manganese – a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals. Chapter II: Review of Related Literature The high vitamin C and bromelain content of pineapple juice make it an effective acne treatment. Bromelain is an enzyme that softens skin and has been used for hundreds of years in South and Central America to fight inflammation and swelling. Raw pineapple is an excellent source of manganese and vitamin C . Applying vitamin C to the skin may have a beneficial effect because of its antioxidant properties. Correctly formulated vitamin C creams may protect against the aging effect of sunlight and reduce winkles, mainly from its stem, pineapple contains a proteilytic enzyme, bromelain, which breaks down protein. If having sufficientr bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be used as a meat marinade and tenderizer. Pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some food, such as jellyland other gelatin-based dessert, but would be destroyed during cooking and canning. The quality of bromelain in the fruit probably not significant, being mostly in the inedible stack. Furthermore, an ingested enzyme like bromelain unlikely to survive intact the proteolytic process of digestion. Pineapple is crammed with vitamins but most of all a very skin friendly enzyme called Bromeliad. With these it fights the damaged done to your skin by free radicals, lifts dirt and dead skin cell. It hydrates and is also know to reduce age spots and fine lines and leaves the  skin supple and leaves you with a the softest skin pineapple or a pineapple facial mask can also be a powerful ally in your quest against acne. The high vitamins C and bromelain content of pineapple juice make it an effective acne treatment. Bromelain is an enzyme that soften skin and has been used for hundreds of year in South and Central America to fight inflammation and swelling.

Level Operations

Level Operations, small company located in Pennsylvania, manufacturers a variety of security devices and safes. Several different models of safes (S7-S8-S9-S1-S2) are available for purchase and due to increased demand the production facility has been enlarged to accommodate the additional production needs. Production manager Stephanie Cole must determine the best production quantity per cycle for each day of the week. She understands that partially completed safes are not permitted (each cycle must turn out finished cycles). Stephanie consulted the engineering department; they have determined the best production sequence is S7-S8-S9-S1-S2.Stephanie must comprehend the large picture of production demand in order to ensure the product availability to meet the needed demand. The ultimate goal should be a balanced operation system. One that makes the process time as short as possible, eradicate disruptions and eliminate waste (excess inventory)(Stevenson,2012). Stephanie was given weekly quantity demands; she must first break those numbers down to daily production demands, determine the number of cycles to run daily, and how many of each safe model to produce in any given cycles as shown in Figure 1. The cycle time should be set to equal the takt time.Takt time is defined as â€Å"the cycle time needed to match customer demand for final products† (Stevenson, 2012). By only running three cycles per day, the company is producing fewer inventories. Additionally, the company is practicing lean production techniques by not allowing work-in-process inventory (reducing carry costs and space requirements) and lot sizes are small; yielding the similar benefits but also exhibiting better quality control and minimal inspection time if errors do arise. Stephanie has determined the best production quantity per cycle for each day of the week (Figure 2).Figure 3 forecasts the quantity demanded versus the quantity supplied over the five week time frame. Model S8 and S9 are showing excessive inventories. However, by using a lean flexible production system Stephanie has the ability to decrease the units made during each cycle. By waiting to decrease the units per cycle till the later weeks in the production timeline; Stephanie is eliminating waste, and reducing the possibility of bottlenecks effects in the starting days of production. All other models are meeting their target numbers creating zero excessive inventories.

How to solve your biggest resume problems

How to solve your biggest resume problems Do you think that creating your resume is a â€Å"one and done† process? If so, then think again. The truth is, you should think of your resume as a constantly evolving document- one that changes over time as your background, experience, and skill set expand. It should also be continually tailored and honed to meet the needs of your target company and/or industry, which may change over time. But there’s another reason why you should never close the door on resume updating, one that might be keeping you from achieving your goal of landing your next great job- your current resume might have some serious problems that you’re either unaware of or have simply ignored. And in today’s ultra-competitive job market, resume problems- even the small ones- may mean the difference between getting hired and losing out to another candidate who made a more polished first impression.Get focused and organizedJust as an unkempt appearance can make a bad first impression, an unfocused resume can really reflect poorly on you. Hiring managers and HR personnel are busy people who don’t have the time (or the desire) to untangle or decipher a murky, disjointed resume. So, getting things organized and focused before you even think about where you’d like to send your resume should be a top priority.Your best bet is a streamlined approach- create clearly delineated sections for your objective, experience, education, and key skills, and make sure they’re targeted to the standards of the industry you hope to join. Better still, laser focus your resume to attract positive attention from the specific company that you’re eager to get hired by and repeat the process every time you decide to send out your resume.Also, before you decide to send out your resume, take a step back from your document and review it again to make sure it tells a cohesive and chronological narrative about who you are as a professional and what potential value you o ffer a prospective employer. If you can get a trusted colleague, mentor, friend, or family member to review your resume, even better- a fresh set of eyes and a second opinion is always a good idea.Bottom line: on the job hunt trail, a well-tailored resume is like a well-tailored outfit, and it’s your best chance of making a positive and lasting impression on the folks who matter- those who make the hiring decisions.Put your best self forwardYou might be shocked to learn that many people leave out some big and impressive feathers from their resume caps and fail to highlight all their skills, talents, and accomplishments- things that can really make a candidate stand out from the candidate crowd. Have you earned any company or industry awards? Did you develop a major revenue-generating product or idea for a previous employer? Did you come up with or implement a significant cost-savings plan or process at a previous job? Do you excel in any particular talent or skill thatâ€℠¢s desired in your industry? Ask yourself these sorts of questions when constructing your resume, and make sure that your resume highlights your very best self- the version of you that has the best chance of getting hired.Always editThis may sound obvious but ask any hiring manager worth their paycheck and you’ll undoubtedly hear some real resume horror stories that could have easily been avoided had their creators just took a little extra time to review and edit their work. Isn’t the prospect of landing a great new job worth the additional effort? Sweep your resume for errors, inconsistencies, typos, and anything else that might give readers some pause or make them scratch their heads. Trust us, it’s worth your time- nothing sets off alarm bells for hiring managers and HR personnel in quite the same way as a resume riddled with mistakes.If you’re on the job hunt and want to ensure that you’re giving yourself a real shot at landing a new position, use the strategies and advice presented here to ensure that your resume problems are solved before sending it out. Take the time to make sure you’re putting forth the best document possible- one that will get you hired.

Biography of Queen Alexandra

Biography of Queen Alexandra Queen Alexandra (December 1, 1844 – November 20, 1925) was the longest-serving Princess of Wales in British history. She was the wife of King Edward VII, the successor to Queen Victoria. Although her public duties were limited, Alexandra became a style icon and did significant charity work in her lifetime. Fast Facts: Queen Alexandra Full Name:  Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise JuliaOccupation: Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of IndiaBorn: December 1, 1844 in Copenhagen, DenmarkDied: November 20, 1925 in Norfolk, EnglandKnown For: Born a princess of Denmark; married Queen Victorias son and heir; as queen, held little political power but was influential in fashion and charity workSpouse: King Edward VII (m. 1863-1910)Children: Prince Albert Victor; Prince George (later King George V); Louise, Princess Royal; Princess Victoria, Princess Maud (later Queen Maud of Norway); Prince Alexander John Princess of Denmark Born Princess Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia of Denmark, Alexandra was known to her family as â€Å"Alix.† She was born at the Yellow Palace in Copenhagen on December 1, 1844. Her parents were minor royalty: Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glà ¼cksburg and Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Although they were members of the Danish royal family, Alexandras family lived a comparatively low-key life. Her father Christian’s income came only from his army commission. Alexandra had several siblings, but was closest to her sister Dagmar (who would later become Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia). Their family was close with Hans Christian Andersen, who occasionally visited to tell the children stories. The Danish royal family became more complicated in 1848, when King Christian VIII died and his son, Frederick, became king. Frederick was childless, and because he ruled both Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, which had differing succession laws, a crisis arose. The ultimate outcome was that Alexandra’s father became the heir to Frederick in both regions. This change elevated Alexandra’s status, as she became the daughter of a future king. However, the family remained outside of court life, partially due to their disapproval of Frederick. Princess of Wales Alexandra was not Queen Victoria and Prince Albert’s first choice to marry their son, Prince Albert Edward. Nevertheless, Alexandra was introduced to the Prince of Wales by his sister, Princess Victoria, in 1861. After a courtship, Edward proposed in September of 1862, and the couple were married on March 10, 1863 at St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle. The wedding was a less festive occasion than many had hoped for, since the court was still in mourning for Prince Albert, who had died in December 1861. Alexandra gave birth to their first child, Prince Albert Victor, in 1864. The couple would go on to have a total of six children (including one who died at birth). Alexandra preferred to be a hands-on mother, but she also continued to enjoy her social life, carrying on hobbies such as hunting and ice skating. The couple were the center of society, bringing a youthful fun to a court long-dominated by a strict (and now mourning) queen. Even after rheumatic fever left her with a permanent limp, Alexandra was noted for being a charming and cheerful woman. Although most accounts seem to show that Edward and Alexandra had a fairly happy marriage, Edwards affection for his wife did not stop the prince from continuing his infamous playboy ways. He carried on several affairs throughout their marriage, both flings and long-term extramarital relationships, while Alexandra remained faithful. She became increasingly isolated, due to a hereditary condition that caused her to slowly lose hearing. Edward ran in scandalous circles and was very nearly implicated in at least one divorce hearing. As Princess of Wales, Alexandra performed many public duties, taking on the burden of some of her mother-in-law Victoria’s public appearances such as opening ceremonies, attending concerts, visiting hospitals, and otherwise conducting charity works. She was a popular young addition to the monarchy and was almost universally liked by the British public. In the early 1890s, Alexandra and her family suffered multiple losses that would also change the course of two monarchies. Prince Albert Victor, her eldest son, died in 1892 at the age of 28 after falling ill during a flu pandemic. His death devastated Alexandra. Albert Victors younger brother, George, became the heir and even married Albert Victor’s former fiancà ©e, Mary of Teck; it is from this line that the current British monarchy descends. Alexandra’s sister Dagmar also suffered a major loss in 1894: her husband, the Russian Tsar Alexander III, died. Dagmars son took the throne as Nicholas II. He would be the last tsar of Russia. Queen At Last Edward was the longest-serving Prince of Wales in history during his lifetime. (He was surpassed by his descendant Prince Charles in 2017.) However, he finally ascended to the throne upon Queen Victoria’s death in 1901. By this time, Edward’s taste for excess was catching up to him and his health, so Alexandra had to appear in his place for a few events. This was the only time that Alexandra was permitted to be involved in matters of importance. She held political opinions (for example, she was wary of German expansion from the beginning) but was ignored when she expressed them in both public and private. Ironically, her distrust proved prescient: she urged against the British and Germans â€Å"swapping† dominion over a pair of islands, which the Germans ended up using as a fortified stronghold during the world wars. Edward and his ministers went so far as to exclude her from trips abroad and forbid her to read briefing papers so that she would not try to exert any influence. Instead, she poured her efforts into charity work. On one occasion, however, Alexandra broke protocol and appeared publicly in a political context. In 1910, she became the first queen consort to visit the House of Commons and watch a debate. She would not be queen consort for long, though. Only a few months later, she was on a trip to Greece, visiting her brother, King George I, when she received word that Edward was seriously ill. Alexandra made it back in time to say goodbye to Edward, who died on May 6, 1910 after a bout of bronchitis and a series of heart attacks. Their son became King George V. Later Years and Legacy As the queen mother, Alexandra mostly continued her duties as she had as queen consort, focusing her efforts on charity work with a side of anti-German cajoling. Her generosity was renowned, as she willingly sent money to anyone who wrote to her asking for help. She lived to see her fears about the Germans realized with the outbreak of World War I, and rejoiced when her son changed the royal family’s name to Windsor to avoid German associations. Alexandra suffered another personal loss when her nephew, Nicholas II, was overthrown during the Russian Revolution. Her sister Dagmar was rescued and came to stay with Alexandra, but her son George V refused to offer asylum to Nicholas and his immediate family; they were murdered in 1917 by the Bolshevik revolutionaries. In the last years of her life, Alexandra’s health declined, and she died from a heart attack on November 20, 1925. She was buried at Windsor Castle next to Edward. A popular royal in life and death, Alexandra was mourned deeply by the British public, and she became the namesake for everything from palaces to ships to streets. Although she was not permitted any political influence, she was a style icon for the women of her time and defined an entire era of fashion. Her legacy was not one of politics, but of personal popularity and boundless generosity. Sources Battiscombe, Georgina. Queen Alexandra. Constable, 1969.Duff, David. Alexandra: Princess and Queen. Wm Collins Sons Co, 1980.â€Å"Edward VII.† BBC, bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/edward_vii_king.shtml.

Hospitals and health centres. Negative Media Exposure on Management Dissertation

Hospitals and health centres. Negative Media Exposure on Management Practices - Dissertation Example The study will analyse how patients who are also members of the public are affected by negative media exposure of the hospitals or health centres that they visit. Based on the statistics, the study will make come up with recommendations that health institutions facing negative media exposure can apply to handle negative publicity. The world has experienced immense growth of mass media over the past few decades (Herrick 2012, p.3). At the same time, many countries all over the world have experienced significant democratization allowing for media freedom. This is very critical since the mass media plays a crucial role in informing citizens of what is happening in the country and beyond. However, its impact in the corporate world has been prodigious. In this regard, mass media has been helpful in revealing the status of an organization in terms of management practices whether good or bad. Nevertheless, Stareva (2013) indicates that most organizations often want news regarding the organization to be publicized through mass media when the organization appears to be doing well. This is because the good news about the company helps in selling the company to potential investors. For example, organizations tend to rash to publicize their financial accounts through the media when the organization happens to have made massive profits. This also applies when an organization receives an award for good performance.

Does Birth Control Need to Be Implemented to Limit the Population Essay

Does Birth Control Need to Be Implemented to Limit the Population - Essay Example Although some of Joy Williams’ reasoning for her argument may be true and plausible, she has overlooked some other aspects of her view that may address and prove her argument to be null and inefficient.  Williams’ main claim is that a woman’s craving for babies leads to overpopulation and can cause detrimental problems in our world. However, her argument displays the post hoc fallacy, which underscores the author’s making a mistake of placing the causes of the overpopulation merely on the increasing rate of procreation of women today. Williams notes, according to the United Nations Population Fund, that â€Å"at current growth rates, the world will double its population in forty years† (par. 8), thereby, â€Å"overpopulation poses the greatest threat to all life on earth† (par. 8). She maintains that having babies can be considered as a selfish act, with no concern for the outside world. Williams displays the red herring fallacy when she st arts talking about adoption. This has nothing to do with the subject and can be considered a side issue. Adoption is unlike giving birth and is usually done because of pre-existing circumstances. The two points – procreation rates and adoption – are linked, but do not affect one another. Women who are unable to conceive children should not be looking down upon if they choose to adopt. This is because someone has already given birth to a child – a decision that the adopter had no part of. Adoption is a good thing because it makes sure that unwanted babies are looked after and cared for by a loving parent. It is a different matter completely if someone is able to conceive and then chooses to adopt. Williams discusses a relevant point when talking about adoption. Parents usually want to adopt children who do not have any physical flaws. This is a natural thought process but it does not allow less fortunate babies to get an opportunity in life.

Information Technology for Business Innovation Essay

Information Technology for Business Innovation - Essay Example As far as technology is concerned, there have been great advances in the movie industry and any company needs to stay abreast with these technologies in order to thrive. Blockbuster has, as stated earlier, used such technologies as streaming video on demand, kiosks and DVD-by-mail to distribute it products. There are various technologies that the company has put in place to ensure that it reaches its global customers as far as marketing and distribution are concerned. To start with, the company offers DVDs on a mail platform whereby movies are send to the consumers on request by mail and on a rental basis. For this technology, consumers request for movies of their preference or the ones they wish to rent and put them in a queue. The company then sends the ordered movies as soon as they become available. The movies are actually send in a postage paid envelope and come with a postage paid return envelope so what the consumers do is to watch the movies, put them into the accompanied pos tage paid envelopes and drop them in them mail then wait for their next ordered movie to be delivered. The only disadvantage of this technology is that customers can not be able to exchange the movies immediately after they watch them. Due to the fact that its customers are distributed globally, another disadvantage may be the high cost of delivery as compared to online method (Hayes 2005). Secondly, the company uses an online streaming technology whereby customers log on to the service which is based on a pay as you access plan then they can access movies of their tastes. As if this is not enough, the company offers free movies on a trial basis or after activating the media players then afterwards one has to pay to watch the subsequent movies. In 2003, blockbuster eventually launched their rental subscription program which allowed members to rent an unlimited number of movies during the duration of their subscription without the worry of any late fees. Basically, majority of the mo vies cost from $2.00 to $ 3.00. Examples of the online streaming services offered by blockbuster include; Vudu and Amazon on demand. It also has contracts with some movie distributors in order to receive movies quickly than the Netflix or their other competitors, Redbox; this betters its customers since it has locations globally. It also strongly emphasizes on new releases which means that their customers always receive the latest products in the market. The company also offers Blu-ray disks which offer advanced features like high definition and storage capacity as compared to DVDs. Has Blockbusters approach been successful? Although blockbuster tried to offer all its services at a friendly manner such as free movies on trial basis and home delivery of their products, it has still not been that successful. This is because it is faced by a lot of competition from its competitors such as the Netflix, movie gallery, and Hasting Entertainment and Red box. When it comes to online streami ng for example, a company like Netflix out did Blockbuster by the fact that its payment plan was friendlier than that of Blockbuster. To be more precise, the company (Netflix) offers unlimited online streaming at the cost of $7.99 per month which is reasonable far much cheaper than Blockbuster’s $ 2.00 to $ 3.00 for every movie. The deal offered by Netflix is even made better

Information Security Management Plan

Information Security Management Plan Cyber security is about protecting your computer-based equipment and information from unintended or unauthorised access, change, theft or destruction HM Governement (2015), you can manage the risks by Planning, Implementing and Reviewing your Information Security Management System. The following are the key points of Information and Security Management Plan. Risk Assessment and Analysis The company should assess the security risks or damages that could be caused to the system, personal data, valuables or confidential information if there was a security breach. There are number of measures that can be used to prevent security breaches or limit the damage if they do occur. â€Å"There is no single product that can provide 100% protections to your business as indicated by ICO (2012) but the key approach is to have a layered approach by combining different tools and techniques. If one layer fails then others are there to prevent the threat†. Organizations that do not perform a threat and risk analysis are leaving themselves open to situations that could disrupt, damage or destroy their ability to conduct business. It is the responsibility of staff and management to educate and train themselves in ‘Risk Analysis’ to prevent their business from threats. A report published by HM Government (2015) indicates that in 2014, 60 % of small businesses experienced a Cyber breach. Security and Intrusion – Ensure that anti-virus and anti-malware software are installed on your server or PC’s and the network is regularly scanned to prevent or detect threats. The threats could be Human (Hackers, Theft, Accidental, DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service), untrained Staff and so on) or Non-Human (floods, Lightning strikes, Viruses, Fire, Electrical fault. Earthquakes etc). Use IDS (Intrusion Detection System). Ensure that Firewall and windows defender programmes are installed to prevent intrusion into the network. Also ensure that they are kept up-to-date. Access Controls – Ensure that these access controls are adopted. There are two types of Access controls CISSP (2012) Logical Physical. Logical access control method is done via access control lists (ACL’s), group policies, passwords and account restrictions. ACL provides detailed access control for objects (spread sheets, accounts or data). Group policies allow system administrator to configure user accounts (permissions, privileges etc). Passwords are â€Å"the most common logical access control sometimes referred to as a logical token† (Ciampa, 2009). Password protection should be used to protect PC’s, access to confidential data or sensitive information. Encryption is another means of ensuring that data can only be accessed by authorised users. Password Control – Create a strong password and remember it Microsoft (n.d). A limit to the number of failed login attempts should be introduced. A regular password changes should be enforced. If a member of staff is absent for a long time or has left and the account is unused, the account should be disabled or deleted. Any unauthorised access to objects or resources should be reported to the management. Physical access control is intended for using physical barriers to prevent unauthorised users from accessing computer or server room/ premises or building. This type of control include video surveillance with CCTV, Smart Card access with password for authentication, mantraps and biometrics and so on. Employee awareness and training- All employees should be trained to recognise threats such as phishing, emails and other malware. Also staff should be trained to identify unauthorised personal trying to access entry into restricted areas. Such incidence should be reported to the security manager. Segmentation Prevent or limit the severity of data breaches by separating and limiting access between your network components ICO(2012). For example, your web server should be separate from your main file server. This means that if your website was compromised the attacker would not have direct access to your central data store. Device hardening- Ensure that unused software and services are removed from your devices ICO (2012). If you don’t use it, then it is much easier to remove it than try to keep it up-to-date. Make sure you have changed any default passwords used by software or hardware – these are well known by attackers. Policies- A policy will enable you to make sure you address the risks in a consistent manner. Well written policies should integrate well with business processes. Check that the existing policies, procedures and protection items in place are adequate otherwise there is risk of vulnerabilities. A review of the existing and planned safeguards should be performed to determine if the previously known and discovered risks and threats have been mitigated. Remote Access Control If the company internal network is accessed over the Internet then the company should employ a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) system accompanied by strong two-factor authentication, using either hardware or software tokens FCC(n.d). Data Backup – The data must be backed up regularly, the backup media should be stored in a fire proof safe or on a remote site. Backup policy should be created to include the storage location, data restoration process and backup schedule. One person should be nominated for looking after the backup system. Data Loss Recovery Plan- A plan for restoring the unexpected loss of data (either due to human or natural disaster) should be put into place. Data loss can expose business to significant litigation risk FCC (n.d) and hurt your business brand and customer confidence. Cloud based Services- Cloud based services gives lot of benefits to organisations and according to Hutchings et al (2013) these services like any other network services are vulnerable to threats such as ‘Authentication issues, DoS, Network/ packet sniffing, Malware and so on. There are technologies like VPN, Encryption, Packet filtering and Firewall that can be used to secure data from such threats. It is believed that data is secure if encrypted before it is transferred to cloud storage. NDIS (Network Intrusion Detection System) such as SNORT has also been employed by the network managers for protecting data against external attacks. Similar provision is still needed to protect infrastructure when moved to cloud. Once data is stored on to cloud storage you have lost control over it. So an agreement has to be reached with the vendor at the time of hiring their services as to how the data will be protected from external vulnerabilities. References Rubens P (2013) 6 Emerging Security Threats, and How to Fight Them  Available at: http://www.esecurityplanet.com/network-security/6-emerging-security-threats-and-how-to-fight-them.html  (Accessed 26 Mar 2015) ICO (2012) A Practical Guide to IT Security [Online]  Available at: https://ico.org.uk/media/for-organisations/documents/1575/it_security_practical_guide.pdf  (Accessed 25 Mar 2015) Ciampa (2009) Access Control Models and Methods [Online]  Available at: http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/access-control-models-and-methods/  (Accessed 25 Marr 2015) Hutchings et al (2013) Cloud computing for small business: Criminal and security threats and prevention measures [Online]  Available at:http://aic.gov.au/publications/current series/tandi/441-460/tandi456.html  (Accessed 25 Marc 2015).   CISSP (2012) Access Control Models and Methods [Online]  Available at: http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/access-control-models-and-methods/  (Accessed 25 Mar 2015). HM Government (2015) Small Business: What you need to know about cyber security [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/412017/BIS-15-147-small-businesses-cyber-guide-March-2015.pdf  (Accessed 23 Mar 2015)   FCC (n.d) Cyber Security Planning Guide [Online]  Available at: http://transition.fcc.gov/cyber/cyberplanner.pdf  (Accessed 23 Mar 2015) Microsoft (n.d) Safety and Security Centre [Online]  Available at: http://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/security/online-privacy/passwords-create aspx.  Ã‚  (Accessed 24 Mar 2015)